Motor vehicle emissions inspections, often referred to as Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, are essential for maintaining air quality and addressing environmental concerns. Adopted in over 30 states, these programs ensure vehicles are properly maintained by requiring mandatory emissions checks. The federal Clean Air Act mandates I/M programs in areas with poor air quality, specifically those struggling with ozone or carbon monoxide levels. Light-duty vehicle I/M programs are particularly effective in reducing carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, while heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) I/M programs focus on minimizing smoke emissions.
In New York State, the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) jointly administer I/M programs. Due to varying air quality across the state and federal regulations, New York is divided into two I/M areas: the New York Metropolitan Area (NYMA), encompassing nine downstate counties, and the Upstate I/M area, covering the remaining 53 counties.
The DEC is responsible for ensuring inspection stations comply with regulations (6 NYCRR Part 217) and that all testing equipment and software are approved and certified. They monitor the program’s effectiveness in achieving emission reduction targets and may update state regulations in response to federal changes, public feedback, or legislative direction.
New York Vehicle Inspection Program (NYVIP)
Across New York State, most light-duty vehicles, including passenger cars, vans, and pick-up trucks, must undergo emissions inspections through the New York Vehicle Inspection Program (NYVIP). NYVIP was introduced in Upstate New York in 2004 and expanded to NYMA in 2005. A key feature of NYVIP is the use of on-board diagnostic (OBD II) inspections. The latest iteration, NYVIP3, which became effective December 1, 2023, also includes smoke opacity testing at official diesel emission inspection stations (ODEIS).
Annual Emissions Testing
Under the NYVIP3 program, annual emissions inspections are mandatory, as well as inspections upon vehicle ownership transfer.
Exemptions
Certain vehicle types are exempt from emissions testing:
a) Electric vehicles, motorcycles, and vehicles with historic or farm registrations.
b) Diesel vehicles exceeding 8,500 lbs. GVWR registered in Upstate New York.
c) OBD and age-based exemptions:
- Vehicles 25 model years and older (e.g., in 2024, model year 1999 and older vehicles are exempt from OBD and low enhanced emissions inspections).
- Vehicles two model years and newer (e.g., in 2024, model year 2023 and 2024 vehicles are exempt from OBD and low enhanced emissions inspections).
It’s important to note that while most vehicles exempt from emissions testing are still required to undergo annual safety inspections.
Emissions Test Types – NYMA
- NYVIP3 OBD II:
- Applies to non-diesel and diesel vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), and 8,500 lbs. or less GVWR.
(Remember the age-based exemption for “new” vehicles mentioned above).
- Applies to non-diesel and diesel vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), and 8,500 lbs. or less GVWR.
- NYVIP3 Low Enhanced: Checks for gas cap presence and visual anti-tampering for:
- Non-exempt gasoline vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), between 8,501 lbs. and 18,000 lbs. GVWR.
(Again, note the “new” vehicle age-based exemption).
- Non-exempt gasoline vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), between 8,501 lbs. and 18,000 lbs. GVWR.
- NYVIP3 Heavy-Duty Diesel Opacity Test: For diesel vehicles exceeding 8,500 lbs. GVWR.
- The New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission also mandates safety and OBD II inspections for applicable taxicabs and for-hire vehicles.
Emissions Test Types – Upstate
- NYVIP3 OBD II:
- For non-diesel and diesel vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), 8,500 lbs. or less GVWR.
(Keep in mind the “new” vehicle age-based emissions inspection exemption).
- For non-diesel and diesel vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), 8,500 lbs. or less GVWR.
- NYVIP3 Low Enhanced: Includes gas cap presence and anti-tampering visual checks for:
- Non-exempt gasoline vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), between 8,501 lbs. and 18,000 lbs. GVWR.
(Don’t forget the “new” vehicle age-based emissions inspection exemption).
- Non-exempt gasoline vehicles, model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer in 2024), between 8,501 lbs. and 18,000 lbs. GVWR.
Emissions Test Fees (excluding safety inspection fees)
- NYMA:
- NYVIP3 OBD II – $27.00, NYVIP3 low enhanced – $11.00
- NYVIP3 Heavy-Duty Diesel – $25.00
- Upstate:
- NYVIP3 OBD II – $11.00, NYVIP3 low enhanced – $11.00
Reinspection fees may be applied for vehicles that fail, and these costs can vary based on the reinspection requirements.
Waivers
NYVIP3 offers a repair expenditure waiver for failing OBD II emissions inspections. To qualify, documented repair costs must exceed $450 following the initial failed inspection.
For HDDV I/M, NYVIP3 provides minimum hardship waiver repair costs based on the vehicle’s GVWR, as detailed in 6 NYCRR Subpart 217-5.
Warranties and Emissions-Related Repairs
Vehicle owners should consult their owner’s manual or warranty booklet for the most accurate information on warranty coverage. Federal emissions warranties cover emissions-related repairs for the first 2 years or 24,000 miles (whichever comes first). Major emissions components, such as the powertrain control module (computer) and catalytic converter, have extended warranty coverage for up to 8 years or 80,000 miles (whichever comes first). Extended warranties may also be applicable.
Vehicles Registered Outside New York State
Vehicles registered outside of New York State can undergo a New York State emissions inspection. However, it’s recommended to first confirm with the other state’s relevant agency whether they will accept a New York State safety/emissions inspection. To proceed with a NYVIP inspection without a New York registration document, the inspector will need to scan the vehicle’s VIN plate or manually enter the 17-digit VIN. If the vehicle passes the NYVIP3 inspection, request a Vehicle Inspection Receipt (VIR) to provide to the other state agency as proof of passing.
New York State Registered Vehicles Outside New York State
New York State does not recognize emissions tests conducted outside of the state. If your vehicle is registered in New York but is temporarily out-of-state (e.g., for college), you can request an extension upon your return to New York by contacting the DMV.
Onboard Diagnostics (OBD II)
OBD II is a computer-based system found in vehicles manufactured after 1996. It monitors the powertrain (engine and transmission) and emission control systems. It also alerts drivers to engine management or emissions control issues by activating the malfunction indicator light (MIL) on the dashboard. This light, often labeled “Check Engine” or “Service Engine Soon,” can be red, amber, or yellow and may be an engine symbol. Addressing the MIL promptly can improve fuel efficiency, vehicle performance, and reduce emissions, benefiting the environment. OBD II aids technicians in diagnosing and fixing problems by storing “trouble codes” and “freeze frame” data related to malfunctions. While newer OBD II vehicles are designed to meet stringent emissions standards, proper maintenance is crucial to ensure these low emission levels are sustained.
Image alt text: Dashboard view highlighting a lit Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL), commonly known as the Check Engine light, in a vehicle.
In some cases of severe engine malfunctions, the MIL may blink or flash. This indicates a critical condition requiring immediate service and reduced speed. Consult your vehicle’s owner’s manual for specific guidance.
A loose gas cap can trigger the MIL. OBD II systems often perform diagnostic checks for evaporative gas leaks. If the gas cap is loose or damaged, it can cause the MIL to illuminate. Try retightening the gas cap if you suspect it’s loose.
Sometimes the MIL may turn off without repairs. If the initial issue that caused the MIL to turn on is resolved (e.g., a tightened gas cap), the OBD II system can turn the light off. This on/off sequence doesn’t indicate a faulty OBD II system, and no special attention is needed unless the MIL reactivates.
Do not disconnect the battery to bypass OBD II. This action will result in inspection failure.
A vehicle presented for a NYVIP3 OBD II inspection with an active MIL will fail the emissions test. It’s crucial to address any issues and get your vehicle inspected and repaired well before your current inspection sticker expires.
NYVIP3 OBD II Inspection
New York State mandates annual NYVIP3 OBD II emissions inspections for applicable non-diesel and non-electric vehicles. Light-duty diesel vehicles of model years newer than 25 years (e.g., 2000 and newer for 2024) are also subject to OBD II inspections. The OBD II inspection involves connecting approved equipment to the vehicle’s OBD connector to download emissions system data.
OBD II inspections are quicker than traditional tailpipe inspections and can assess evaporative emissions issues (like hose leaks) that pre-OBD II vehicles cannot.
A complete NYVIP3 OBD II inspection includes:
- Safety inspection.
- Visual inspection of emission control devices, including the gas cap.
- OBD II inspection.
The NYVIP3 inspection starts with visual checks of safety components and emission control devices, such as the gas cap and MIL, followed by electronic data retrieval from the vehicle’s computer. The OBD II pass/fail result is determined by these visual inspections and the retrieved data. The inspection equipment will generate a VIR detailing the inspection results, which you can request from the inspector.
If your vehicle passes, you’ll receive an inspection sticker for your windshield. If it fails, the VIR will specify the failure reasons. The VIR also provides valuable information for a qualified repair technician if your vehicle requires repairs.
What to do if your vehicle fails inspection:
To get a valid inspection sticker, your vehicle must pass a reinspection or receive an emissions-related waiver. In most cases, repairs will be necessary. Failing to pass inspection before your current sticker expires can lead to fines and potential registration denial.
If your vehicle fails due to readiness evaluation, it indicates that the inspection equipment communicated with the vehicle, but the vehicle reported an insufficient number of completed on-board diagnostics. You’ll need to drive the vehicle until enough diagnostics are completed. Motorists receiving a 10-day extension should know this extension is a one-time courtesy. Drive the vehicle for several days to allow monitors to set, then get reinspected. NYVIP provides more information on readiness failures.
NYVIP3 OBD II Inspection Emissions Waivers
Vehicles undergoing NYVIP3 OBD II inspections may be eligible for a waiver under these conditions:
- The vehicle fails only the OBD II emissions portion of the inspection (passing safety, gas cap, and emission control device visual checks).
- Repairs are performed related to the OBD II emissions failure.
- The vehicle fails the OBD II inspection at least twice in the current inspection cycle (initial inspection and at least one reinspection).
- Documented qualifying repairs must total at least $450.
Remember, emissions-related repair costs might be covered by the vehicle manufacturer’s warranty. Warranty coverage varies based on the components needing repair, vehicle age, mileage, and the manufacturer’s specific warranty terms.
The federal Clean Air Act mandates an 8-year or 80,000-mile warranty for major emissions control components like the catalytic converter and a 2-year or 24,000-mile warranty for other emissions control components. Consult your owner’s manual or warranty booklet for detailed warranty information.
HDDV I/M Program
Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) are vital for commercial transportation but can contribute to serious health problems due to diesel exhaust. To mitigate harmful diesel emissions, the DEC has established an HDDV inspection program to ensure proper maintenance of their emission control systems. The DEC manages two HDDV emission inspection programs:
- Annual emission inspections for HDDVs registered in NYMA.
- Roadside emission inspections for HDDVs operating on New York State roadways.
HDDVs are diesel-powered vehicles with a GVWR exceeding 8,500 pounds. Certain vehicles, like authorized emergency vehicles, are exempt. Both annual and roadside inspections are performed by certified inspectors and may include visual checks of emission control equipment, tampering checks, and an opacity (smoke) test using an approved opacity meter.
Annual Inspections
Annual HDDV emissions inspections are conducted during the vehicle’s annual DMV safety inspection. This applies only to HDDVs registered in NYMA and must be performed by a certified inspector at a DMV-authorized Official Diesel Emission Inspection Station (ODEIS).
Since December 1, 2023, only NYVIP3 can be used for HDDV I/M opacity inspections at ODEIS.
Roadside Inspections and Standards
Roadside emissions inspections are conducted randomly on roadways by state-certified staff. DEC-certified emission inspectors are authorized to perform smoke opacity tests on HDDVs, regardless of the vehicle’s registration location.
Smoke opacity tests quantify the opacity of exhaust smoke, measuring the amount of light blocked by the smoke. Opacity is expressed as a percentage. These tests use an opacity meter to sample exhaust smoke and calculate smoke levels from the tailpipe. Exhaust smoke is tested using an approved opacity smoke meter and a snap acceleration test.
- Wheels are chocked.
- Transmission is in neutral.
- Brakes are disengaged to activate emission controls.
- The sensor is inserted into the exhaust stack.
- The accelerator is rapidly pressed and held for a few seconds, then released, repeated at least five times.
- The meter averages three consistent results and generates a printout.
Smoke opacity standards vary by engine model year:
- 1991 or newer – greater than 40%
- 1974-1990 – greater than 55%
- 1973 or older – greater than 70%
To expedite inspections, have the following information readily available:
- Vehicle make and year
- Mileage
- Engine manufacturer
- Horsepower
Improving Smoke Opacity
Proper vehicle maintenance and repair are key to passing emissions tests. Common causes of excessive smoke include:
- Clogged or worn fuel filters
- Restricted air filters
- Contaminated fuel
- Overfilled oil level
- Defective turbochargers
- Faulty or inoperable emission control devices
Smoke opacity can be improved by:
- Adjusting emission control equipment
- Replacing air filter elements
- Engine tune-ups
- Adjusting engine timing
- Ensuring proper cooling system operation
- Repairing exhaust system restrictions
Penalties for Failing Inspections
Vehicles are not immediately taken out of service for failing roadside opacity tests. However, HDDV violations are subject to penalties as outlined in 6 NYCRR Subpart 217-5. Penalties may be reduced if the violation is corrected within 30 days.
Retesting for penalty reduction must be done at an ODEIS. First-time roadside or annual inspection penalties are waived for school buses or municipally owned HDDVs if the vehicle is repaired and the violation corrected within 30 days.
DEC Approved Smoke Meters
As of December 1, 2023, only the NYVIP3 integrated computerized vehicle inspection system (CVIS) is approved for NYS HDDV I/M inspections at ODEIS. Previously approved opacity meters are no longer authorized.
Contact:
Opus Inspection
98 Niver St.
Cohoes, NY 12047
Phone: (1-866-OBD-TEST)
CAP3030
Enhanced I/M Program Reports
EPA Annual Reports
New York State has operated an enhanced OBDII I/M program statewide since 2005. Annual data analysis and reporting ensure proper program oversight and evaluation, adhering to EPA regulations (40 CFR Part 51.366) and New York State Implementation Plan revisions. These annual reports are produced collaboratively by the DEC and DMV. Full reports are available in PDF format.
2022 Enhanced I/M Program Annual Report
2021 Enhanced I/M Program Annual Report
2020 Enhanced I/M Program Annual Report
Biennial Program Evaluation Reports
New York State submits biennial program evaluation reports to the EPA to meet federal reporting requirements (40 CFR Part 51.353(c)). These ongoing evaluations are available as downloadable PDFs.
Enhanced I/M Program Evaluation Report – July 2020 – June 2022
Enhanced I/M Program Evaluation Report – June 2018 – June 2020
